一、名词

名词单复数，名词的格式

(一)名词单复数

1.一般情况，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

2.以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches

3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries

4.以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives

5.不规则名词复数：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice

child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese

不可数名词的复数就是原型：paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea

(二)名词的格

(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格：

a) 单数后加 ’s 如: Lucy’s ruler my father’s shirt

b) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 ’如: his friends’ bags

c) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 ’s children’s shoes

l并列名词中，如果把 ’s加在最后一个名词后，表示共有, 如:

Tom and Mike’s car 汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车

l要表示所有物不是共有的，应分别在并列名词后加’s

Tom’s and Mike’s cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车

(2)表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系：如:a picture of the classroom a map of China

二、冠词

不定冠词，定冠词种类：

(1)不定冠词：a / an a unit / an uncle

元音开头的可数名词前用an :

an egg / an apple / an orange / an eraser / an answer / an ID card / an alarm clock / an actor / an actress / an e-mail / an address / an event / an example / an opera / an houran old man / an interesting book / an exciting sport / an action movie / an art lesson /

(2)定冠词：the / the egg / the plane

定冠词的用法：

(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)物：The ruler is on the desk.

(2)复述上文提到的人或物：He has a sweater. The sweater is new.

(3)谈话双方都知道的人或物：The boys aren’t at school.

(4)在序数词前：John’s birthday is February the second.

(5)用于固定词组中：in the morning / afternoon / evening

不用冠词的情况：

(1)专有名词前：China is a big country.

(2)名词前有定语：this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等：

This is my baseball.

(3)复数名词表示一类人和事：Monkeys can’t swim. They are teachers.

(4)在节日，日期，月份，季节前：Today is Christmas Day. It’s Sunday.

(5)一日三餐前：We have breakfast at 6:30.

(6)球类 棋类运动前：They often play football after class. He plays chess at home.

* 但乐器前要用定冠词：I play the guitar very well.

(7)学科名称前：My favorite subject is music.

(8)在称呼或头衔的名词前：This is Mr Li.

(9)固定词组中：at noon at night by bus